How does Morrison Think about blame in relation to incest destructive behaviors in the black communities .

Heller, Dana A. “Anatomies of Rape.” American Literary History 16.2 (2004): 329-49. Web.

Meili’s description of personal memory of rape has remained unchanged a  blank ,popular memory of the Central Park Jogger rape case has changed and evolved to become part of our cultural mythology of sexual trauma and healing. Sexual violence as become a dominant force in black society and as Morrison  shares with readers the impact of incest between black young girls exploring poor within people of color she has proven that incest only comes in the class of racial differences reinforcing and justifying white supremacy.

Gross, Meir. “INCESTUOUS RAPE: A Cause for Hysterical Seizures in Four Adolescent Girls.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 49.4 (1979): 704-08. Web.

Meir Gross uses the connection between daughter-father relationships and the use of  drugs and alcoholic to engage in sexual misconducts as it relates to the abuse and trauma to one’s  own child .The need to mentally remove the act of incestouos rape is place to the forefront , as mothers blame themselves which leads to a stage of depression and anxiety as it relates to incentuous behaviors .Morrison is one black author one can say who as treated the topic of incest with much caution .

PIPES, CANDICE. “Failed Mothers and the Black Girl-Child Victim of Incestuous Rape in The Bluest Eye and Push.” Toni Morrison on Mothers and Motherhood, edited by Lee Baxter and Martha Satz, Demeter Press, Bradford, ON, 2017, pp. 183–200. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rfzz5n.14.

Maya Angelou exaggerates on the impact incest rape amongst black girls and the challenges they face within the black communities. She expand on the fact that being a victim of rape it’s sympathetic as the safety of these young black women are no longer secure .Like Morrison Angelou revisits the notion of black girls the seductive daughter, to expose the brutality of child sexual abuse and the horrific reality of the black girl-child’s body in pain.

Morrow, K. Brent, and Gwendolyn T. Sorell. “Factors Affecting Self-Esteem, Depression, and Negative Behaviors in Sexually Abused Female Adolescents.” Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 51, no. 3, 1989, pp. 677–686. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/352167.

Marrow Bent through this analysis states that incestious behaviors may mark in as duration of severity whereas the abusers develop self blame and mothers or overlooked while the disruption of their family is at shame.Morrison’s book paints a  a unaccountable depression as black during the time pre war depression period deals with racism and sexual behaviors which the story gives a glimpse of such reality .

Roye, Susmita. “TONI MORRISON’S DISRUPTED GIRLS AND THEIR DISTURBED GIRLHOODS: ‘The Bluest Eye’ and ‘A Mercy.’” Callaloo, vol. 35, no. 1, 2012, pp. 212–227., www.jstor.org/stable/41412505.

Susmita  Roye like Morrison emphasis on the attention and the need to be more sympathetic and racist disorders sharing the lights on these youngs girls missing out on their girlhood and struggling for their survival while Pecola was victimized and abuse by her father she faces a traumatic discomfort while being pregnant as she is castigated and in her own  unhappiness .

Vickory, Laurie. “Telling Incest: Narratives of Dangerous Remembering from Stein to Sapphire (review).” MFS Modern Fiction Studies 49.4 (2003): 878-80. Web.

This article focuses on powers of language as it relates to various incest from the late 19th century with the underline story from “ Telling Incest “.Sielke argues the culture of telling Invites us to rethink father-daughter incest as a sequence of narrative transaction as trauma invites us to rethink women’s narratives as mirrors of nature.This relates to my argument as the article shifts not just from the point of incest but also the literal understanding of child molestation and family incest.

The Million dollar caption:file:///Users/MM/Downloads/GARRELTS_HONY_05-15-2015%20(1).pdf

Summary: This essay had a lot of resources that i can use for humans of New York. The essay talked about the social impact of photos and videos being taken of strangers. The article makes references to August Sanders which is also a part of my research and what I aim for. And analyzed a good point, “showing people things they don’t want to think about.” Was a quote that inspired me to keep on reading this article and help observe more the true meaning the photos or humans of Human of New York.

Humans of New York and the Cavalier Consumption of Others, by Vinson Cunningham

Summary: I choose to write about this piece in my essay because it describes specifics roles of characters in todays society. One being the boy in the Brooklyn streets. The young boy was named vidal. We learned he in lived in housing towers. I will not get into much detail here. I want to bring out Humans of New York brings forth race in a way so people dont feel pity but rather inspired to help out. When i read this i was not feeling sorry but a sense of wanting to be involved to better my community. Humans of New York portrays race, gender in different ways then Rankine did. I will not get into how here but this was just an example of many to come.

Adams, Bella. “Black Lives/White Backgrounds: Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric and Critical Race Theory.” Comparative American Studies An International Journal 15.1-2 (2017): 54-71. Web.

Summary: this ties back to Rankine. This is another source i will have but it ties back to my source above. We are talking about “Black lives matter” and it goes far into the Trayvon Martin case. They talk about “American positioning”. The article is so well written, one of my favorite phrases is what you do not see. That struck me as an important thing in Rankine book. Because there is a veil between races more specifically the whites and blacks. Rankines takes on a different take than Humans of New York that it refers back to Hurstons.

“CONCLUSION: Testimonial Publics—#BlackLivesMatter and Claudia Rankine’s Citizen.” Tainted Witness: Why We Doubt What Women Say About Their Lives, by LEIGH GILMORE, Columbia University Press, New York, 2017, pp. 157–170. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gilm17714.10.

Cain, William. “Darkness Visible: Ralph Ellison’s Life and Work.” Society 45.4 (2008): 376-81. Web.

This article placed Ralph Ellison as having a sort of writer’s block in finishing his second novel. The novel was highly anticipated after his success in Invisible Man but with the pressures and the results of fame, this article argues that becoming closer to white artists and highly known white figures, he lost his touch and could not finish his novel.

Lamm, Kimberly. “Visuality and Black Masculinity in Ralph Ellison’s ‘Invisible Man’ and Romare Bearden’s Photomontages.” Callaloo, vol. 26, no. 3, 2003, pp. 813–835. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3300728.

This article is rich in content and really uses specific readings to construct the ideas behind Invisible man and how representation was used to visually construct blackness. Lamm goes over some of the main parts I would like to discuss and the art forms that have been reconstructed in galleries.

Kuryla, P. Soc (2013) 50: 10. https://doi-org.proxy.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/10.1007/s12115-012-9612-2

This article emphasizes the argument of not finishing Ellison’s highly anticipated second novel. Many factors were contributed even a speculation of disintegrity and blaming of a fire that wasn’t as crucial when first asked about it. Ellison sometime after his success in Invisible Man was labeled as a “protester” and people were expecting his writing to reflect this protesting and continuing the fight for equality.  Very interestingly enough, his invisibility was now associated with only one type of visibility. Ellison was an artist, not only an activist or a musician. He had many interests beyond literacy and he enphasised being

Millichap, Joseph. “Fiction, Photography, and the Cultural Construction of Racial Identity in Ralph Ellison’s ‘Invisible Man.’” South Atlantic Review, vol. 76, no. 4, 2011, pp. 129–142. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43738922.

This article is helpful because of the information on Ralph Ellison’s personal life as well as his interest in photograph. Millichap links Ellison’s personal interests in photography and argues that that is what this book is, photographs. By doing close readings and using different articles, Millichap shows what pictures Ellison used to explain his life and the road to consciousness.

Rampersad, Arnold. Ralph Ellison: a Biography. Vintage Books, 2007.

This is a biography on Ralph Ellison and reinforces his interests in art. It goes over many of his influences . This book also gives a new perspective on the invisible man’s grandfather. His grandfather is a sort of haunting/ghost like figure and although for the story to develop and for IM to gain consciousness his grandfather is needed and sets the tone of the book, it can also be seen as a reminder of Ralph Ellison the author not producing a second book, & can also be seen as his personal struggle in wanting to perfect and make art through literature.

Rowell, Charles H., and Kerry James Marshall. “An Interview with Kerry James Marshall.” Callaloo, vol. 21, no. 1, 1998, pp. 263–272. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3300033.

Along with the article by Walling, the theme of civil protest and including a representation of blackness is a subtle artistic way is important to Marshall as he says in his interview. Having this interview and his explanations as to why he used so much black and what is the meaning to your reaction gives a new meaning to invisible man and the art it creates.

Sargent, Antwaun. “’Invisible Man’ Inspires Conceptual Art About Blackness.” Vice, VICE, 21 June 2017, www.vice.com/en_us/article/ev4wwm/invisible-man-inspires-conceptual-art-blackness.

This article really ties Invisible Man and its impact on today’s society and generation since it was published in 2017 about a Gallery. Using everyday items you find out while out in public such as transit seats to show invisibility and blackness. Martos uses Invisible Man’s feelings of being there but others choosing not to see them. This article also is a link to Rankine’s Citizen which also is a modern book on blackness and experiences.

“Silence Is Golden.” The Studio Museum in Harlem, 4 Jan. 2019, studiomuseum.org/collection-item/silence-golden.

Since my focus is on art, this painting gives a better understanding of the interview with Kerry James Marshall and what his intentions were in recreating Invisible Man.

Walling, William. “‘Art’ and ‘Protest’: Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man Twenty Years After.” Phylon (1960-), vol. 34, no. 2, 1973, pp. 120–134. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/273820.

This article establishes protesting as a form of art and expression. Specifically Walling uses Invisible Man and Ralph Ellison’s vision of art and ties it with passive resistance. He gives us a reason for the civil art form of protesting and explains why in order to not only be successful but keep the fight going its important to form this type of protest. Walling also gives us unique details and visions and beliefs of Ellison. Besides art specifically, Walling talks about musical art forms such as jazz and blues which is also a major part in Invisible Man.

Connolly, Paula T. “Cultured Toys.” The Lion and the Unicorn, vol. 21 no. 1, 1997, pp. 148-151. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/uni.1997.0003

Lois Rostow Kuznets explores the depiction of toys in literature, but also the representation and function of toys as cultural artifacts. She also discusses how their uses have ranged from fetish and sacred object to a way of socializing children. Kuznet also argues that collecting dolls both signals a struggle between adults and children for the meaning and possession of toys and how it cites, for adults, a reaction against the development of technology.  

Bergner, Gwen. “Black Children, White Preference: Brown v. Board, the Doll Tests, and the Politics of Self-Esteem.” American Quarterly, vol. 61 no. 2, 2009, pp. 299-332. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/aq.0.0070

In Gwen Bergner’s piece she draws most of her info from the Brown v. Board of Education the Supreme Court case. Psychologist Kenneth B. Clark found evidence that segregation damaged black children’s self-esteem and hampered their ability to learn. Clark and his wife Mamie had tested black children’s “racial preference” by asking them to choose between black dolls and white dolls, interpreting the choice of white dolls as evidence of damaged self-esteem. She also argues against the doll test results that dolls do not have any correlations to self-esteem but argues that black children’s white preference behavior is signifying a form of psychic hybridity or mixed-race identification that eludes our historic

black/white binary.

Roye, Susmita. “Toni Morrison’s Disrupted Girls and Their Disturbed Girlhoods: The Bluest Eye and A Mercy.” Callaloo, vol. 35 no. 1, 2012, pp. 212-227. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/cal.2012.0013

Susmita Roye states that Morrison emphasizes that the most imperceptible members of an already invisible black society in a race-segregated world are the little black girls, that are shrunk in stature by the crushingly diminishing combination of their skin color, gender,and age.  In Roye’s article she draws from both The Bluest Eye and  A Mercy which  reflect Morrison’s continued concern for “girls interrupted.” Both novels present a number of ways in which girlhoods are aborted.  By juxtaposing the first and the latest of her novels, Roye argues that Morrison’s feminist ideology accommodates universal girlhood, crossing frontiers of race, class, culture, ethnicity, continents, and centuries.

Frever, Trinna S. “‘Oh! You Beautiful Doll!”: Icon, Image, and Culture in Works by Alvarez, Cisneros, and Morrison.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 28, no. 1, 2009, pp. 121–139. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40783477.

Trinna S. Frever argues that dolls are multifaceted symbol for societal disputes over what it is to be female and contests of cultural and national identity. Frever uses three different depictions of dollhood in this essay which are, Julia Alvarez’s How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents, Sandra Cisneros’s “Barbie-Q,” and the doll dismemberment scene from Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. In this essay it is concluded that dolls are more than just a toy but are icons in contemporary society, part of the value system of the U.S.-dominant culture, and its “representation” of womanhood.

Bernstein, Robin. “Children’s Books, Dolls, and the Performance of Race; or, The Possibility of Children’s Literature.” PMLA, vol. 126, no. 1, 2011, pp. 160–169. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41414088.

Robin Bernstein argues that playing with dolls and reading children books has a direct correlation to race. He mentions Uncle Tom’s Cabin  and a little girl Burnett, who took what she read in the book and acted out scenes she felt were most powerful. “At other times, Burnett performed the scene of Eva s death, casting the white doll as Eva and as “all the weeping slaves at once.” And at least once she designated the doll Uncle Tom and cast herself as Simon Legree. For this  scenario, the girl bound the doll to a candelabra stand. “with insensate rage,” she whipped her doll. Throughout whipping, the doll maintained a “cheerfully hideous” grin, suggested to the girl that Uncle Tom was “enjoying the situation” being “brutally lashed.” In the article it is seen that many nineteenth-century white children read books about slavery and then used dolls to act out scenes of racialized violence and forced labor. It is also argued that representational play is performative in that it produces culture. Then the article goes on to argue about animate vs sentient dolls and the question of “what is a person?”

Yancy, George. “A Foucauldian (Genealogical) Reading of Whiteness.” Radical Philosophy Review, vol. 4, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–29., doi:10.5840/radphilrev200141/217.

This piece touches on the deformities that the characters in the novel The Bluest Eye develop when brought up with the idea of “whiteness” and what it means to be white. The author brings up the idea that whiteness in fact has evolved into the universal code of beauty especially in America, which I believe will be extremely useful in my paper as I delve into how the color of our skin affects who a person is while rewriting history at the same time.

Burcar, Lilijana. “Imploding the Racialized and Patriarchal Beauty Myth through the Critical Lens of Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye.” Vestnik Za Tuje Jezike 9.1 (2017): 139-158. Web.

This second article illuminates Americas unconvential beauty standard and how from a young age these little girls begin to internally hate their bodies and themselves due to not being able to achieve these impossible standards. This article made me realize how for my paper I need to incorporate both The Bluest Eye and The Invisible Man in order to really follow through with a substantial analysis.

Booth, W. James. “The Color of Memory: Reading Race with Ralph Ellison.” Political Theory, vol. 36, no. 5, 1 Oct. 2008, pp. 683–707.

This journal discusses the idea of race as a color as well as an identity which is rather evident because at times our society makes it to be that race is all that can define us. This article makes a note on the fact that memory and social justice also tie a factor into the larger color of whiteness as well as it masquerades the wrongs it has achieved.

Bump, Jerome. “Racism and Appearance in The Bluest Eye: A Template for an Ethical Emotive Criticism.” College Literature, vol. 37, no. 2, 2010, pp. 147–170., doi:10.1353/lit.0.0108.

This article discusses the use of racism in this novel and how it evokes a sense of anger and emotion into the main characters and readers, as well as how the age is a major factor of how the characters can react to how they are cheated as it is even mention how Pecola is aware she is being wronged at times but cannot comprehend the extent of it.